A mid-infrared TDLAS sensor near 2.5m was designed for time-resolved measurements of temperature and water vapor partial pressure at the nozzle exit of a laboratory-scale hybrid rocket motor. Several previously used H2O transitions within 2.4-2.9m were thoroughly investigated, and a line-pair containing three transitions (4029.52 cm-1, 4030.51 cm-1 and 4030.73 cm-1) was selected for the optimal overall properties like strong absorbance, sufficient temperature sensitivity, single laser scan, high immunity from the ambient H2O transitions and low measurement uncertainty affected by temperature over the range of 1500K-2500K. Firing tests were conducted on an oxygen/paraffin-fueled hybrid rocket motor operating at oxygen/fuel ratios (O/Fs) of 3.10, 2.77 and 2.88, corresponding to average combustion pressures of 1.91MPa, 2.09MPa and 2.38MPa. A distributed feedback (DFB) laser tuned repetitively at 2kHz was used as the light source, and simultaneously the transmitted spectra were detected at a 2MHz sampling rate. Finally, a 4.5ms time-scale variations of temperature and H2O partial pressure were captured by TDLAS sensor. Uncertainty analysis was made in detail based on average temperature (1929.8K, 1926.5K, and 1990.7K) and average H2O partial pressure (0.237MPa, 0.253MPa, and 0.285MPa), leading to temperature uncertainty of around 2.24% and partial pressure uncertainties of around 3.80%, 3.79% and 4.04% respectively. The time-resolved measurement results and small measurement uncertaintiesindicate that TDLAS has the potential to evaluate the combustion performance of hybrid rocket motor © 2020 SPIE.