超高速弹道靶是能够综合开展超高速模型发射地面测试和超高速撞击的实验设施。超高速弹道靶的发射器通常为二级轻气炮，传统二级轻气炮的首级由火药驱动，由于火药产物分子质量大、声速低，限制了其驱动能力的提高，而且火药的安全性和污染性也使其应用受限，为此需要探索新的驱动技术。气相爆轰作为一种高效的燃烧方式，具有比普通燃烧更高的驱动能力，使其有望成为二级轻气炮的驱动能源。

本论文的工作分为两部分，首先是成功研制了爆轰驱动二级轻气炮弹道靶，并建立了爆轰驱动二级轻气炮的准一维内弹道模型，以期实现模型和弹丸的超高速发射并对其进行超高速碰撞、气动特性等研究；另一部分是利用该设备分别研究了典型非晶合金和高熵合金含能结构材料高速碰撞下的力学响应，以期探索含能结构材料在空间碎片防护和动能武器等方面的潜在应用。主要研究工作内容如下：

（1）基于宽速度范围高速发射和原位测量的需求，将爆轰驱动技术应用于二级轻气炮首级，成功研制了基于气相爆轰驱动二级轻气炮发射器的DBR30自由飞弹道靶。设计研制了发射段的膜片、活塞、模型，测试段的同步光学测试系统，以及其他相关试验设备。该弹道靶可实现将30 mm直径的模型和弹丸发射至最高7 km/s左右的速度。另外，该弹道靶还可实现模型/弹丸飞行和碰撞过程中的同步多站阴影/纹影拍摄及单窗口的4序列拍摄。通过对装填件的设计，结合内弹道设计开展了球形弹丸和长杆弹，速度范围为2~5.4 km/s的典型高速发射和碰撞试验。

（2）建立了具有普适性的爆轰驱动二级轻气炮的内弹道模型并与实验进行了验证。通过数值模拟的方法探讨了爆轰驱动二级轻气炮的驱动能力，证明了爆轰驱动相比于压缩气体驱动具有更高的驱动能力，同时，对比了正反向爆轰驱动两种驱动方式的特点。系统分析了爆轰驱动二级轻气炮内弹道参数对发射性能的影响，得到了运行过程中爆轰管与泵管内压力、活塞和弹丸运动等变化规律，并分析比较了各个因素对内弹道过程和发射性能的影响。

（3）对Zr基非晶合金含能结构材料防护结构进行了超高速碰撞实验，并与等厚度的Al-6061-T6铝板进行了对比研究。发现Zr基非晶合金在超高速碰撞过程中发生了剧烈的化学释能反应，其碎片云的破碎程度更高。并通过SPH方法研究了Zr基非晶合金含能结构材料防护结构在超高速碰撞时的碎片云运动特性。通过与等面密度Al-6061-T6铝板对比，研究了Zr基非晶合金含能结构材料防护结构的防护机制并证明了Zr基非晶合金含能结构材料防护结构的有效性。

（4）对TiZrHfTa_0.7W_0.3高熵合金含能结构材料进行了动静态力学性能及超高速侵彻实验研究，探索动态变形机制对于冲击释能特性的影响。发现该高熵合金具有优异的侵彻破坏性能，尤其是具有显著的扩孔性能。通过微结构表征及动静态压缩实验，研究了其动态变形机制，解释了其动态变形下的脆-韧转变机理。通过对变形后样品表面的氧化物表征，建立了其动态变形机制与冲击释能特性的关系。这方面工作为新型高熵合金含能结构材料的设计和其在动能武器中的应用提供了研究基础。

The hypervelocity ballistic range is a test facility in which the test models or projectiles are launched at desired velocity, the aerodynamic properties of the flying models are measured during their flight, or shock and damage of the targets are measured upon the projectile impact. Generally, the launcher of the hypervelocity ballistic range is a two-stage light gas gun. The traditional two-stage light gas guns are driven by gunpowder, which limit their driving capability due to the large molecular mass and low speed of sound of gunpowder products. And the safety and pollution of gunpowder also limit their application, for which new driving technologies need to be explored. Gaseous detonation, as an efficient combustion method, has a higher driving capacity than normal combustion, making it promising as a driving energy source for the two-stage light gas gun.

The work of this thesis is divided into two parts. Firstly, we successfully developed the gaseous detonation two-stage light gas gun ballistic range and established a quasi-one-dimensional interior ballistic model of the gaseous detonation two-stage light gas gun, in order to realize the hypervelocity launch of the models or projectiles and to conduct hypervelocity impact, aerodynamic and other studies on them; the other part is using this facility to study the mechanical response of two typical amorphous alloy and high-entropy alloy energetic structural materials under hypervelocity impact, respectively, with a view to exploring the potential applications of energetic structural materials in space debris protection and kinetic energy weapons. The research contents of this thesis are as follows:

(1) Based on the requirements of hypervelocity launch in a wide velocity range and in-situ measurement, the DBR30 free-flying ballistic range based on the gaseous detonation two-stage light gas gun hypervelocity launcher was successfully developed. The diaphragms, piston and model of this hypervelocity launcher, the synchronous optical test system of the test section, and other related test equipment were also designed and developed. The ballistic range is capable of launching 30 mm diameter models and projectiles to velocities over 7 km/s. In addition, the ballistic range can also achieve synchronous multi-station shadowgraph and single window 4-sequence photography during model/projectile flight and collision. Typical hypervelocity launch and impact tests of spherical projectiles and long-rod projectiles with velocities ranging from 2 to 5.4 km/s were carried out by combining the design of interior ballistic.

(2) A generalized interior ballistic model of the gaseous detonation two-stage light gas gun was established and verified with experiments. The driving capability of the blast-driven secondary light gas gun was explored by numerical simulation, and it was demonstrated that the gaseous detonation driving method has a higher driving capability compared with the compressed gas driving method. Moreover, we compared the characteristics of the forward and backward detonation driving methods. In addition, the influence of the interior ballistic parameters of the gaseous detonation-driven two-stage light gas gun on launch performance was also systematically analyzed. The pressure in the detonation tube and pump tube as well as the motion of piston and projectile during the operation were obtained. The influence of each factor on the interior ballistic process and launch performance was also analyzed.

(3) Hypervelocity impact experiments were conducted on the protective structure of Zr-based amorphous alloy, and a comparative study was conducted with Al-6061-T6 aluminum plates of the same thickness. It was found that the Zr-based amorphous alloy shield underwent a violent chemical energy release reaction during the hypervelocity impact, and the debris cloud was more fragmented. And the debris cloud characteristics of the Zr-based amorphous alloy shield during hypervelocity impact were studied by SPH method. The protection mechanism of the Zr-based amorphous alloy was also explored and the effectiveness of the Zr-based amorphous alloy shield was demonstrated by comparing it with the same areal density Al-6061-T6 aluminum plate.

(4) The dynamic and static mechanical properties, as well as the high-velocity impact test of TiZrHfTa_0.7W_0.3 high-entropy alloy, were conducted to explore the influence of dynamic deformation mechanism on the shock-induced reaction characteristics. It was found that the high-entropy alloy has excellent penetration damage performance, especially significant hole-extending performance. The dynamic deformation mechanism was investigated by microstructure characterization and dynamic/static compression experiments, and the brittle-ductile transition mechanism under dynamic deformation was explained. The relationship between its dynamic deformation mechanism and energetic release characteristics was also established through the characterization of oxide at the deformed sample surface. This research provides a vision for the design of new high-entropy alloy energetic structural materials and their application in kinetic energy weapons.