The coupled analysis of multi-field heat and mass transfer in geothermal reservoirs is a pivotal concern within the realm of geothermal rock exploitation. It holds significant implications for the assessment of thermal energy capacity and the formulation of reservoir optimization strategies in the context of geothermal rock resources. Parameters governing production, along with fracture network characteristics (such as injection well temperature, injection well pressure, fracture width, and fracture network density), exert an influence on enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) heat production. In this study, aiming to comprehend the dynamic heat generation of EGS during prolonged exploitation, a coupling of various fields including permeation within the rock formations of geothermal reservoirs and the deformation of these rocks was achieved. In this study, we formulated the governing equations for the temperature field, stress field, and permeability field within the geothermal reservoir rock. Subsequently, we conducted numerical simulations to investigate the heat transfer process in an enhanced geothermal system. We analyzed the effects of injection well temperature, injection well pressure, primary fracture width, and secondary fracture density on the temperature distribution within the reservoir and the thermal power output of the production well. The research findings underscore that ill-conceived exploitation schemes markedly accelerate the thermal breakthrough rate of production wells, resulting in a diminished rate of geothermal resource extraction from the geothermal reservoir rock. Variations in influent well temperature and secondary fracture density exhibit an approximately linear impact on the output from production wells. Crucially, injection well pressure and primary fracture width emerge as pivotal factors influencing reservoir output response, with excessive widening of primary fractures leading to premature thermal breakthrough in production wells.