随着物联网技术的飞速发展，广泛分布的传感器网络需要稳定的、持续的能源供应。由于具有将环境零散机械能转化为电能的能力，摩擦纳米发电机作为能量收集器和自供电传感器被广泛地应用于物联网等领域。本文将力学结构设计和摩擦纳米发电机相结合，针对基于力学结构设计的摩擦电传感与能量收集系统进行了深入的研究，对于摩擦电传感与能量收集系统的性能的提升和应用场景的拓宽有着重要的意义。具体如下：

1）提高信号输出在摩擦纳米发电机中一直都十分重要，之前的研究者一般选择增加转移电荷量的方式提高信号输出。本文提出了以提高运动速度为目的的新策略，并研制了接触分离式的杠杆式摩擦纳米发电机（Li-TENG）。提高杠杆比可以提高接触分离速度。研究了曲形摩擦层的性能影响机制。分析了杠杆放大倍数对信号提升效果的影响。并将Li-TENG作为自供电脉搏传感器，在没有经过表面微结构处理的情况下测得了12.3 V的脉搏信号，远高于其他文献。

2）水滴发电机通过液固摩擦纳米发电机收集水滴液固接触的机械能。本文提出了一种双机制能量回收的新策略，通过同时收集水滴液固接触的机械能和基底的变形能来提高水滴发电机的电流。根据该策略，开发了悬臂梁结构的摩擦压电复合纳米发电机（TPiHNG）。揭示了响应时间差对TPiHNG性能的影响规律。

3）摩擦纳米发电机的短路电流和速度成正比，在超低速环境下摩擦纳米发电机的电流几乎可以忽略不计。本文提出了一种基于屈曲结构的新策略，可以将超低速运动转换为高速运动，设计了一种基于屈曲结构的用于超低速电流放大的摩擦纳米发电机（B-TENG）。B-TENG在0.2 mm/s的超低速下，相比于传统摩擦纳米发电机的电流增强超过两百倍。研究了速度和间隔时间对电流放大机制的影响。B-TENG被用作自供电传感器来监测锂离子电池膨胀。

4）除了屈曲结构外，本文还提出了一种基于弧形结构的新设计，利用弹性能储存释放来将超低速运动转换为高速运动，设计了一种基于弧形结构的用于超低速电流放大的摩擦纳米发电机（A-TENG）。A-TENG在0.1 mm/s的超低速下，相比于传统摩擦纳米发电机的电流增强超过两千倍。研究了弧形几何参数对A-TENG力学性能的影响。研究了速度对电流放大机制的影响。A-TENG可以被用作生成摩斯电码的自供电电键，在低速情况下也可以正常使用。

With the rapid development of the Internet of Things technology, the widely distributed sensor network needs a stable and continuous energy supply. With the ability to convert ambient sporadic mechanical energy into electrical energy, triboelectric nanogenerators are widely used as energy supply and self-powered sensors in areas such as the Internet of Things. This dissertation conducts in-depth research on triboelectric sensing and energy harvesting systems based on mechanical structure design by combining mechanical structure design with triboelectric nanogenerators. It is of great significance for improving the performance of triboelectric energy harvesting and sensing systems and broadening application scenarios. The details are as follows:

1) Increasing the signal output is always important in triboelectric nanogenerators. Previous researchers have generally chosen to increase the signal output by increasing the amount of transferred charge. In this dissertation, a new strategy aimed at increasing the motion speed is proposed, and a contact-separation lever-inspired triboelectric nanogenerator (Li-TENG) is developed. Increasing the lever ratio increases the contact separation speed. The mechanism affecting the performance of curved friction layers is investigated. The effect of lever magnification on the signal boosting effect is analyzed. Using Li-TENG as a self-powered pulse sensor, a pulse signal of 12.3 V is measured without surface microstructure processing, which is much higher than other literatures.

2) Water droplet generator scavenges mechanical energy from liquid-solid contact of water droplets through liquid-solid triboelectric nanogenerators. In this dissertation, a new design strategy of dual-mechanism energy harvesting is proposed to increase the current of the water droplet generator by simultaneously harvesting the mechanical energy of the droplet's liquid-solid contact and the deformation energy of the substrate. According to this strategy, a cantilever-structured triboelectric-piezoelectric hybridized nanogenerator (TPiHNG) is developed. The law of response time difference on the performance of TPiHNG is revealed.

3) The short-circuit current of the triboelectric nanogenerator is proportional to the speed. The current of the triboelectric nanogenerator is almost negligible in an ultra-low speed environment. In this dissertation, a new buckling structure-based strategy is proposed that can convert ultralow-speed motion into high-speed motion, and a buckling structure-based triboelectric nanogenerator (B-TENG) for ultralow-speed current amplification is developed. At an ultra-low speed of 0.2 mm/s, B-TENG enhances the current by more than two hundred times compared to conventional triboelectric nanogenerators. The effect of speed and interval time on the current amplification mechanism is investigated. B-TENG can be used as a self-powered sensor to monitor lithium-ion battery swelling.

4) In addition to buckling structure, a new design based on arc structure is proposed in this dissertation, which uses elastic energy storage and release to convert ultralow-speed motion into high-speed motion. An arc-based triboelectric nanogenerator (A-TENG) for ultralow-speed current amplification is developed. The current enhancement of A-TENG is more than two thousand times compared to conventional triboelectric nanogenerators at the ultra-low speed of 0.1 mm/s. The effects of arc geometry parameters on the mechanical properties of A-TENG are investigated. The effect of speed on the current amplification mechanism is investigated. The A-TENG can be utilized as a self-powered telegraph key for generating Morse code, and it can be used normally at low speeds.