高速铁路是推动国家发展的重要基础设施之一，但高速列车运行速度的提升带来了显著的隧道压力波问题，严重影响了乘客的乘车舒适性以及隧道和列车的结构安全性，制约着高速列车事业的进一步发展。数值模拟是研究隧道压力波问题的最常用方法，其利用数值方法在计算机上求解流体力学的控制方程，能够模拟各种隧道和列车工况下压力波在隧道内的传播过程，尤其是一维数值模拟方法，可以显著提高计算效率，适合复杂隧道工况压力波的快速计算。本文利用一维数值模拟，结合理论分析和实车测试，进行的相关研究如下：

1.改进了高速列车隧道压力波一维计算方法，通过提出边界条件的对称处理策略和网格点的分层更新策略，解决了一维程序在处理多列车行驶时编程复杂度上升的问题，同时增强了程序的可扩展性。通过与实车试验和三维数值模拟结果对比，验证了本文建立的方法和开发的程序的正确性。

2.建立了车体测点压力状态和隧道测点压力状态与TWS（Train Wave Signature）反射次数及TWS经过车体测点距离的对应关系，根据TWS反射次数的奇偶性推导出了车体测点和隧道测点的四种压力状态。分析出TWS对尾车测点压力影响位于状态4与TWS-II影响叠加导致测点产生压力极值的条件：TWS在列车驶出隧道过程中传播至隧道端口，根据该条件推导出了基于尾车最大正压的临界隧道长度公式，该公式的正确性被实车试验数据所验证。

3.系统研究了补强套衬引起的隧道内气动效应变化。研究结果表明：初始压力波传过布置在隧道内的套衬会产生反向传播的压力波系，隧道内测点的压力受初始压力波和反向传播波系共同影响，套衬安装位置不同，反向传播波系与初始压力波的叠加位置不同，从而改变隧道和列车表面的压力分布。另外，套衬的长度、位置、数量和厚度等因素都会对压力变化产生影响。当套衬位于隧道入口附近时，对初始压力波压力影响较大。随着套衬长度的增加，反向传播波系的持续时间也会延长，进一步影响压力的变化。

4.建立了多列车连续通过隧道的压力波一维计算方法，分析了不同压力波叠加工况下第二辆列车通过隧道产生的气动效应。研究结果表明：与单列车通过隧道的压力波效应相比，多列车压力波效应的叠加使得隧道内气动效应恶化。隧道和列车设计参数的变化会对叠加效应产生明显影响。随着压力波反射轮次的增加，压力波峰值逐渐衰减，隧道最大压力峰峰值与压力波循环轮次之间存在二次函数关系。

综上所述，本文使用改进的一维隧道压力波计算方法，研究了高速列车通过隧道引起的压力波效应及其影响因素，相关研究结果可为一维方法的发展和高速铁路的建设和运营提供借鉴。

High-speed railway is one of the key infrastructure elements driving national development. In recent years, the increasing speed of high-speed trains has led to significant tunnel pressure wave issues, severely affecting passenger comfort and the structural safety of both tunnels and trains. This has constrained further increases in high-speed train speeds, presenting a critical technical challenge and engineering obstacle in current high-speed railway construction.

Compared to issues such as limitations and high costs associated with real-world and dynamic model experiments, numerical simulation utilizes numerical methods to solve the fluid dynamics governing equations on computers, enabling the simulation of pressure wave propagation processes within tunnels under various tunnel and train conditions. Three-dimensional numerical simulation methods offer high accuracy but require significant computational time and resources, whereas one-dimensional numerical simulation methods offer high computational efficiency and are suitable for rapid calculations of pressure waves under complex tunnel conditions.

The main research of this paper includes:

1. Establishment of a one-dimensional calculation method for tunnel pressure waves caused by high-speed trains. By proposing a symmetric boundary condition handling strategy and a layered grid update strategy, the paper successfully resolves the issue of increased programming complexity in one-dimensional programs when dealing with multiple train movements, while enhancing program scalability. Real-world tests and three-dimensional numerical simulation results demonstrate that this method and program accurately simulate the pressure wave effects caused by trains passing through tunnels under various conditions.

2. Establishment of a segmented function for the relationship between the pressure state of vehicle measurement points and the reflection times of total wave sequences (TWS), as well as the distance TWS passes through vehicle measurement points. Based on the parity of TWS reflection times, the paper deduces four pressure states of vehicle measurement points. According to the impact of TWS on the pressure behind the last train car and the conditions leading to pressure extremes caused by TWS-II, the paper further derives a formula for the critical tunnel length based on the maximum positive pressure behind the last train car and validates this formula using real-world test data.

3. Systematic study of variations in tunnel aerodynamic effects caused by reinforcing linings. When linings are placed inside tunnels, initial pressure waves passing through linings generate backward propagating wave series, affecting the pressure at tunnel measurement points. The installation position of linings changes the overlay position of backward propagating wave series and initial pressure waves, altering the pressure distribution on tunnel and train surfaces. Additionally, factors such as lining length, position, quantity, and thickness affect pressure variations. Linings near tunnel entrances have a greater impact on initial pressure wave pressure. As lining length increases, the duration of the backward propagating wave series extends, further affecting pressure changes.

4. Establishment of a one-dimensional calculation method for pressure waves when multiple trains pass through tunnels, analyzing the aerodynamic effects generated by the second train under different pressure wave superposition conditions. Research results show that when pressure wave reflection times are the same, the pressure wave effects of the second train passing through the tunnel always superimpose with those of the first train, increasing the peak pressure at tunnel measurement points. As pressure wave reflection cycles increase, due to friction and dissipation effects, pressure wave peak values gradually attenuate, and a quadratic function relationship exists between the tunnel's maximum pressure peak and the pressure wave cycle count.

In summary, this paper develops a one-dimensional tunnel pressure wave calculation method, investigates the pressure wave effects caused by high-speed trains passing through tunnels and their influencing factors, and provides valuable insights for the development of one-dimensional methods and the construction and operation of high-speed railways.